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International audience ; Urban rivers are highly disturbed ecosystems. Indeed, urban rivers have been dammed and sometimes buried. The aim was to reduce the risk of flooding and solve health problems due to water pollution. In the mid-20th century, many cities have turned banks into parking. Cities and rivers were therefore separated due to urban development. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the water policy was to build or upgrade the wastewater treatment plants and water treatment plants. In Europe and North America, however, the legislation has evolved over the last fifteen years for increased and overall protection of aquatic ecosystems. The hydromorphological river restoration is now a priority of the new water policy in Europe. This is why cities are experimenting with today's renaturation projects of urban rivers: both territorial marketing and sustainable development. This article defines the concept of renaturation. The paper also presents two case studies: Quebec in Canada and Lyon in France to evaluate the advantages and limitations of this concept.

International audience ; Urban rivers are highly disturbed ecosystems. Indeed, urban rivers have been dammed and sometimes buried. The aim was to reduce the risk of flooding and solve health problems due to water pollution. In the mid-20th century, many cities have turned banks into parking. Cities and rivers were therefore separated due to urban development. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the water policy was to build or upgrade the wastewater treatment plants and water treatment plants. In Europe and North America, however, the legislation has evolved over the last fifteen years for increased and overall protection of aquatic ecosystems. The hydromorphological river restoration is now a priority of the new water policy in Europe. This is why cities are experimenting with today's renaturation projects of urban rivers: both territorial marketing and sustainable development. This article defines the concept of renaturation. The paper also presents two case studies: Quebec in Canada and Lyon in France to evaluate the advantages and limitations of this concept.

International audience ; Urban rivers are highly disturbed ecosystems. Indeed, urban rivers have been dammed and sometimes buried. The aim was to reduce the risk of flooding and solve health problems due to water pollution. In the mid-20th century, many cities have turned banks into parking. Cities and rivers were therefore separated due to urban development. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the water policy was to build or upgrade the wastewater treatment plants and water treatment plants. In Europe and North America, however, the legislation has evolved over the last fifteen years for increased and overall protection of aquatic ecosystems. The hydromorphological river restoration is now a priority of the new water policy in Europe. This is why cities are experimenting with today's renaturation projects of urban rivers: both territorial marketing and sustainable development. This article defines the concept of renaturation. The paper also presents two case studies: Quebec in Canada and Lyon in France to evaluate the advantages and limitations of this concept.

International audience ; Urban rivers are highly disturbed ecosystems. Indeed, urban rivers have been dammed and sometimes buried. The aim was to reduce the risk of flooding and solve health problems due to water pollution. In the mid-20th century, many cities have turned banks into parking. Cities and rivers were therefore separated due to urban development. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the water policy was to build or upgrade the wastewater treatment plants and water treatment plants. In Europe and North America, however, the legislation has evolved over the last fifteen years for increased and overall protection of aquatic ecosystems. The hydromorphological river restoration is now a priority of the new water policy in Europe. This is why cities are experimenting with today's renaturation projects of urban rivers: both territorial marketing and sustainable development. This article defines the concept of renaturation. The paper also presents two case studies: Quebec in Canada and Lyon in France to evaluate the advantages and limitations of this concept.

International audience ; Urban rivers are highly disturbed ecosystems. Indeed, urban rivers have been dammed and sometimes buried. The aim was to reduce the risk of flooding and solve health problems due to water pollution. In the mid-20th century, many cities have turned banks into parking. Cities and rivers were therefore separated due to urban development. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the water policy was to build or upgrade the wastewater treatment plants and water treatment plants. In Europe and North America, however, the legislation has evolved over the last fifteen years for increased and overall protection of aquatic ecosystems. The hydromorphological river restoration is now a priority of the new water policy in Europe. This is why cities are experimenting with today's renaturation projects of urban rivers: both territorial marketing and sustainable development. This article defines the concept of renaturation. The paper also presents two case studies: Quebec in Canada and Lyon in France to evaluate the advantages and limitations of this concept.

Aware of the persevering weakness of statutory actions led in favour of the fight against floods and of the restoration of the quality of the water, authorities develop contractual devices to incite the agents to improve their practices in every river basin. The devolution of the services of the State, the decentralization and the ardening of standards favor the implementation of the environmental contracts such as "rivers contracts". These contracts (1981) are one of the major tools of the organization and the management of waters. Their development leads to wonder about the conditions of their initiation and implementation and also about their limits. The study of the rivers contracts in the basin of the Saône shows that the success of devices with the owners is not a guarantee of their environmental efficiency. This one depends on the membership of the agents of river basin. Now, the farmers undertake little in such procedures. ; Conscients de la faiblesse persistante des actions réglementaires menées en faveur de la lutte contre les inondations et de la restauration de la qualité de l'eau, les pouvoirs publics développent des dispositifs contractuels afin d'inciter les agents à améliorer leurs pratiqueq ddns chaque bassin versant. La déconcentration des services de I'Etat, la décentralisation et la "sévérisation" des normes favorisent la mise en place des contrats environnementaux tels que les contrats de rivière. Ces contrats (1981) sont un des outils majeurs de I'aménagement et de la gestion des eaux. Leur développement conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions de leur mise en æuvre et sur leur limite. L'étude des contrats de rivière dans le bassin de la Saône montre que le succès des dispositifs auprès des maîtres d'ouvrages n'est pas une garantie de leur efficacité environnementale. Celle-ci dépend de I'adhésion des agents du bassin versant. Or, les agriculteurs s'engagent peu dans de telles procédures.

Aware of the persevering weakness of statutory actions led in favour of the fight against floods and of the restoration of the quality of the water, authorities develop contractual devices to incite the agents to improve their practices in every river basin. The devolution of the services of the State, the decentralization and the ardening of standards favor the implementation of the environmental contracts such as "rivers contracts". These contracts (1981) are one of the major tools of the organization and the management of waters. Their development leads to wonder about the conditions of their initiation and implementation and also about their limits. The study of the rivers contracts in the basin of the Saône shows that the success of devices with the owners is not a guarantee of their environmental efficiency. This one depends on the membership of the agents of river basin. Now, the farmers undertake little in such procedures. ; Conscients de la faiblesse persistante des actions réglementaires menées en faveur de la lutte contre les inondations et de la restauration de la qualité de l'eau, les pouvoirs publics développent des dispositifs contractuels afin d'inciter les agents à améliorer leurs pratiqueq ddns chaque bassin versant. La déconcentration des services de I'Etat, la décentralisation et la "sévérisation" des normes favorisent la mise en place des contrats environnementaux tels que les contrats de rivière. Ces contrats (1981) sont un des outils majeurs de I'aménagement et de la gestion des eaux. Leur développement conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions de leur mise en æuvre et sur leur limite. L'étude des contrats de rivière dans le bassin de la Saône montre que le succès des dispositifs auprès des maîtres d'ouvrages n'est pas une garantie de leur efficacité environnementale. Celle-ci dépend de I'adhésion des agents du bassin versant. Or, les agriculteurs s'engagent peu dans de telles procédures.

Aware of the persevering weakness of statutory actions led in favour of the fight against floods and of the restoration of the quality of the water, authorities develop contractual devices to incite the agents to improve their practices in every river basin. The devolution of the services of the State, the decentralization and the ardening of standards favor the implementation of the environmental contracts such as "rivers contracts". These contracts (1981) are one of the major tools of the organization and the management of waters. Their development leads to wonder about the conditions of their initiation and implementation and also about their limits. The study of the rivers contracts in the basin of the Saône shows that the success of devices with the owners is not a guarantee of their environmental efficiency. This one depends on the membership of the agents of river basin. Now, the farmers undertake little in such procedures. ; Conscients de la faiblesse persistante des actions réglementaires menées en faveur de la lutte contre les inondations et de la restauration de la qualité de l'eau, les pouvoirs publics développent des dispositifs contractuels afin d'inciter les agents à améliorer leurs pratiqueq ddns chaque bassin versant. La déconcentration des services de I'Etat, la décentralisation et la "sévérisation" des normes favorisent la mise en place des contrats environnementaux tels que les contrats de rivière. Ces contrats (1981) sont un des outils majeurs de I'aménagement et de la gestion des eaux. Leur développement conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions de leur mise en æuvre et sur leur limite. L'étude des contrats de rivière dans le bassin de la Saône montre que le succès des dispositifs auprès des maîtres d'ouvrages n'est pas une garantie de leur efficacité environnementale. Celle-ci dépend de I'adhésion des agents du bassin versant. Or, les agriculteurs s'engagent peu dans de telles procédures.

Aware of the persevering weakness of statutory actions led in favour of the fight against floods and of the restoration of the quality of the water, authorities develop contractual devices to incite the agents to improve their practices in every river basin. The devolution of the services of the State, the decentralization and the ardening of standards favor the implementation of the environmental contracts such as "rivers contracts". These contracts (1981) are one of the major tools of the organization and the management of waters. Their development leads to wonder about the conditions of their initiation and implementation and also about their limits. The study of the rivers contracts in the basin of the Saône shows that the success of devices with the owners is not a guarantee of their environmental efficiency. This one depends on the membership of the agents of river basin. Now, the farmers undertake little in such procedures. ; Conscients de la faiblesse persistante des actions réglementaires menées en faveur de la lutte contre les inondations et de la restauration de la qualité de l'eau, les pouvoirs publics développent des dispositifs contractuels afin d'inciter les agents à améliorer leurs pratiqueq ddns chaque bassin versant. La déconcentration des services de I'Etat, la décentralisation et la "sévérisation" des normes favorisent la mise en place des contrats environnementaux tels que les contrats de rivière. Ces contrats (1981) sont un des outils majeurs de I'aménagement et de la gestion des eaux. Leur développement conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions de leur mise en æuvre et sur leur limite. L'étude des contrats de rivière dans le bassin de la Saône montre que le succès des dispositifs auprès des maîtres d'ouvrages n'est pas une garantie de leur efficacité environnementale. Celle-ci dépend de I'adhésion des agents du bassin versant. Or, les agriculteurs s'engagent peu dans de telles procédures.

Aware of the persevering weakness of statutory actions led in favour of the fight against floods and of the restoration of the quality of the water, authorities develop contractual devices to incite the agents to improve their practices in every river basin. The devolution of the services of the State, the decentralization and the ardening of standards favor the implementation of the environmental contracts such as "rivers contracts". These contracts (1981) are one of the major tools of the organization and the management of waters. Their development leads to wonder about the conditions of their initiation and implementation and also about their limits. The study of the rivers contracts in the basin of the Saône shows that the success of devices with the owners is not a guarantee of their environmental efficiency. This one depends on the membership of the agents of river basin. Now, the farmers undertake little in such procedures. ; Conscients de la faiblesse persistante des actions réglementaires menées en faveur de la lutte contre les inondations et de la restauration de la qualité de l'eau, les pouvoirs publics développent des dispositifs contractuels afin d'inciter les agents à améliorer leurs pratiqueq ddns chaque bassin versant. La déconcentration des services de I'Etat, la décentralisation et la "sévérisation" des normes favorisent la mise en place des contrats environnementaux tels que les contrats de rivière. Ces contrats (1981) sont un des outils majeurs de I'aménagement et de la gestion des eaux. Leur développement conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions de leur mise en æuvre et sur leur limite. L'étude des contrats de rivière dans le bassin de la Saône montre que le succès des dispositifs auprès des maîtres d'ouvrages n'est pas une garantie de leur efficacité environnementale. Celle-ci dépend de I'adhésion des agents du bassin versant. Or, les agriculteurs s'engagent peu dans de telles procédures.

Aware of the persevering weakness of statutory actions led in favour of the fight against floods and of the restoration of the quality of the water, authorities develop contractual devices to incite the agents to improve their practices in every river basin. The devolution of the services of the State, the decentralization and the ardening of standards favor the implementation of the environmental contracts such as "rivers contracts". These contracts (1981) are one of the major tools of the organization and the management of waters. Their development leads to wonder about the conditions of their initiation and implementation and also about their limits. The study of the rivers contracts in the basin of the Saône shows that the success of devices with the owners is not a guarantee of their environmental efficiency. This one depends on the membership of the agents of river basin. Now, the farmers undertake little in such procedures. ; Conscients de la faiblesse persistante des actions réglementaires menées en faveur de la lutte contre les inondations et de la restauration de la qualité de l'eau, les pouvoirs publics développent des dispositifs contractuels afin d'inciter les agents à améliorer leurs pratiqueq ddns chaque bassin versant. La déconcentration des services de I'Etat, la décentralisation et la "sévérisation" des normes favorisent la mise en place des contrats environnementaux tels que les contrats de rivière. Ces contrats (1981) sont un des outils majeurs de I'aménagement et de la gestion des eaux. Leur développement conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions de leur mise en æuvre et sur leur limite. L'étude des contrats de rivière dans le bassin de la Saône montre que le succès des dispositifs auprès des maîtres d'ouvrages n'est pas une garantie de leur efficacité environnementale. Celle-ci dépend de I'adhésion des agents du bassin versant. Or, les agriculteurs s'engagent peu dans de telles procédures.

Aware of the persevering weakness of statutory actions led in favour of the fight against floods and of the restoration of the quality of the water, authorities develop contractual devices to incite the agents to improve their practices in every river basin. The devolution of the services of the State, the decentralization and the ardening of standards favor the implementation of the environmental contracts such as "rivers contracts". These contracts (1981) are one of the major tools of the organization and the management of waters. Their development leads to wonder about the conditions of their initiation and implementation and also about their limits. The study of the rivers contracts in the basin of the Saône shows that the success of devices with the owners is not a guarantee of their environmental efficiency. This one depends on the membership of the agents of river basin. Now, the farmers undertake little in such procedures. ; Conscients de la faiblesse persistante des actions réglementaires menées en faveur de la lutte contre les inondations et de la restauration de la qualité de l'eau, les pouvoirs publics développent des dispositifs contractuels afin d'inciter les agents à améliorer leurs pratiqueq ddns chaque bassin versant. La déconcentration des services de I'Etat, la décentralisation et la "sévérisation" des normes favorisent la mise en place des contrats environnementaux tels que les contrats de rivière. Ces contrats (1981) sont un des outils majeurs de I'aménagement et de la gestion des eaux. Leur développement conduit à s'interroger sur les conditions de leur mise en æuvre et sur leur limite. L'étude des contrats de rivière dans le bassin de la Saône montre que le succès des dispositifs auprès des maîtres d'ouvrages n'est pas une garantie de leur efficacité environnementale. Celle-ci dépend de I'adhésion des agents du bassin versant. Or, les agriculteurs s'engagent peu dans de telles procédures.

The Mediterranean coast condition is worrying. The Gulf of Lion coast lower and sandy areas, densely urbanized, are particularly exposed to erosion. In addition, this coastline will experience by 2100 an increase in salt water intrusions, floods by marine submersion and damage to infrastructure due to sea level rise. The State first "left it to the developers" at the end of the 19th century, then decided to build new seaside resorts within the 'Mission Racine' the framework in the second half of the 20th century. The State now defends a "retreat doctrine" by relocating activities and people further away from the sea. However, this doctrine is opposed by economic actors and especially by local elected representatives, who have become the real architects of planning policies as a result of the 80' decentralisation. The adaptation of this very touristy coast, which was an international laboratory of architectural and urban innovation during the 1960s, therefore seems compromised. Neither the local planning tools nor even the regional coastal management strategy can reconcile economic development and resilient urban planning in the absence of coastal governance.